Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of Indicted APT40 Actors Associated with China’s MSS Hainan State Security Department
Summary
This Joint Cybersecurity Advisory was written by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to provide information on a Chinese Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) group known in open-source reporting as APT40. This advisory provides APT40’s tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) and indicators of compromise (IOCs) to help cybersecurity practitioners identify and remediate APT40 intrusions and established footholds.
APT40—aka BRONZE MOHAWK, FEVERDREAM, G0065, Gadolinium, GreenCrash, Hellsing, Kryptonite Panda, Leviathan, MUDCARP, Periscope, Temp.Periscope, and Temp.Jumper—is located in Haikou, Hainan Province, People’s Republic of China (PRC), and has been active since at least 2009. APT40 has targeted governmental organizations, companies, and universities in a wide range of industries—including biomedical, robotics, and maritime research—across the United States, Canada, Europe, the Middle East, and the South China Sea area, as well as industries included in China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
On July 19, 2021, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) unsealed an indictment against four APT40 cyber actors for their illicit computer network exploitation (CNE) activities via front company Hainan Xiandun Technology Development Company (Hainan Xiandun). Hainan Xiandun employee Wu Shurong cooperated with and carried out orders from PRC Ministry of State Security (MSS) Hainan State Security Department (HSSD) intelligence officers Ding Xiaoyang, Zhu Yunmin, and Cheng Qingmin to conduct CNE. Wu’s CNE activities resulted in the theft of trade secrets, intellectual property, and other high-value information from companies and organizations in the United States and abroad, as well as from multiple foreign governments. These MSS-affiliated actors targeted victims in the following industries: academia, aerospace/aviation, biomedical, defense industrial base, education, government, healthcare, manufacturing, maritime, research institutes, and transportation (rail and shipping).
Click here for a PDF version of this report.
(Updated July 19, 2021)
Click here for indicators of compromise (IOCs) in STIX format. Note: to uncover malicious activity, incident responders search for IOCs in network- and host-based artifacts and assess the results—eliminating false positives during the assessment. For example, some MD5 IOCs in the STIX file identify legitimate tools—such as Putty, cmd.exe, svchost.exe, etc.—as indicators of compromise. Although the tools themselves are not malicious, APT40 attackers placed and used them from non-standard folders on victim systems during computer intrusion activity. If a legitimate tool is identified by an incident responder, then the location of the tool should be assessed to eliminate false positives or to uncover malicious activity. See Technical Approaches to Uncovering and Remediating Malicious Activity for more incident handling guidance.
Technical Details
This Joint Cybersecurity Advisory uses the MITRE ATT&CK® framework, version 9. See the ATT&CK for Enterprise framework for all referenced threat actor tactics and techniques.
APT40 [G0065] has used a variety of tactics and techniques and a large library of custom and open-source malware—much of which is shared with multiple other suspected Chinese groups—to establish initial access via user and administrator credentials, enable lateral movement once inside the network, and locate high value assets in order to exfiltrate data. Table 1 provides details on these tactics and techniques. Note: see the appendix for a list of the domains, file names, and malware MD5 hash values used to facilitate this activity.
Table 1: APT40 ATT&CK Tactics and Techniques
| Tactics | Activities and Techniques |
| Reconnaissance [TA0043] and Resource Development [TA0042] |
|
| Initial Access [TA0001] |
|
| Execution [TA0002] |
|
| Persistence [TA0003], Privilege Escalation [TA0004], Credential Access [TA0006], Discovery [TA0007], and Lateral Movement [TA0008] |
APT40 has used a combination of tool frameworks and malware to establish persistence, escalate privileges, map, and move laterally on victim networks. Additionally, APT40 conducted internal spearphishing attacks [T1534].
|
| Defense Evasion [TA0005], Command and Control [TA0011], Collection [TA0009], and Exfiltration [TA0010] |
|
Mitigations
Network Defense-in-Depth
Proper network defense-in-depth and adherence to information security best practices can assist in mitigating the threat and reducing the risk. The following guidance may assist organizations in developing network defense procedures.
Patch and Vulnerability Management
- Install vendor-provided and verified patches on all systems for critical vulnerabilities, prioritizing timely patching of internet-connected servers and software processing internet data—such as web browsers, browser plugins, and document readers.
- Ensure proper migrating steps or compensating controls are implemented for vulnerabilities that cannot be patched in a timely manner.
- Maintain up-to-date antivirus signatures and engines.
- Routinely audit configuration and patch management programs to ensure the ability to track and mitigate emerging threats. Implementing a rigorous configuration and patch management program will hamper sophisticated cyber threat actors’ operations and protect resources and information systems.
- Review the articles in the References section for more information on Chinese APT exploitation of common vulnerabilities.
Protect Credentials
- Strengthen credential requirements, regularly change passwords, and implement multi-factor authentication to protect individual accounts, particularly for webmail and VPN access and for accounts that access critical systems. Do not reuse passwords for multiple accounts.
- Audit all remote authentications from trusted networks or service providers.
- Detect mismatches by correlating credentials used within internal networks with those employed on external-facing systems.
- Log use of system administrator commands such as
net,ipconfig, andping. - Enforce principle of least privilege.
Network Hygiene and Monitoring
- Actively scan and monitor internet-accessible applications for unauthorized access, modification, and anomalous activities.
- Actively monitor server disk use and audit for significant changes.
- Log Domain Name Service (DNS) queries and consider blocking all outbound DNS requests that do not originate from approved DNS servers. Monitor DNS queries for C2 over DNS.
- Develop and monitor the network and system baselines to allow for the identification of anomalous activity. Audit logs for suspicious behavior.
- Identify and suspend access of users exhibiting unusual activity.
- Use allowlist or baseline comparison to monitor Windows event logs and network traffic to detect when a user maps a privileged administrative share on a Windows system.
- Leverage multi-sourced threat-reputation services for files, DNS, URLs, IP addresses, and email addresses.
- Network device management interfaces—such as Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH), Winbox, and HTTP—should be turned off for wide area network (WAN) interfaces and secured with strong passwords and encryption when enabled.
- When possible, segment critical information on air-gapped systems. Use strict access control measures for critical data.
APPENDIX: APT40 Indicators of Compromise
APT40 used the following domains, file names, and malware MD5 hash values to facilitate the CNE activity outlined in this CSA between 2009 through 2018.
Domains
| airbusocean[.]com | https://pastebin[.]com/vfb5mbbu | pacifichydrologic[.]org |
| cargillnotice[.]com | huntingtomingalls[.]com | philippinenewss[.]com |
| ccidmeekparry[.]info | indiadigest[.]in | philstarnotice[.]com |
| ccvzvhjhdf[.]website | jack-newnb[.]com | porndec143.chickenkiller[.]com |
| cdigroups[.]com | kAty197.chickenkiller[.]com | santaclarasystem[.]us |
| checkecc[.]com | louisdreyfu[.]com | scsnewstoday[.]com |
| chemscalere[.]com | mail2.ignorelist[.]com | secbkav[.]com |
| cnnzapmeta[.]com | masterroot[.]pw | Soure7788.chickenkiller[.]com |
| corycs[.]com | microsql-update[.]info | tccoll[.]com |
| deltektimes[.]com | mihybb[.]com | teledynegroup[.]com |
| Engaction[.]com | mlcdailynews[.]com | teledyneinstrument[.]com |
| ens-smithjonathan.rhcloud[.]com | movyaction[.]net | testdomain2019.chickenkiller[.]com |
| fishgatesite.wordpress[.]com | msusanode[.]com | thestar[.]live |
| goo2k88yyh2.chickenkiller[.]com | newbb-news[.]com | thrivedataview[.]com |
| gttdoskip[.]com | nfmybb[.]com | thyssemkrupp[.]com |
| http://gkimertds.wordpress[.]com/feed/ | nmw4xhipveaca7hm[.]onion.link/en_US/all.js | thyssenkrupp-marinesystems[.]org |
| http://stackoverflow[.]com/users/3627469/angle-swift | nobug[.]uk.to | togetno992.mooo[.]com |
| http://stackoverflow[.]com/users/3804206/swiftr-angle | notesof992.wordpress[.]com | tojenner97.chickenkiller[.]com |
| http://stackoverflow[.]com/users/3863346/gkimertdssdads | onlinenewspapers[.]club | trafficeco[.]com |
| vser.mooo[.]com | onlineobl[.]com | transupdate[.]com |
| https://pastebin[.]com/p1mktQpD | oyukg43t[.]website | troubledate[.]com |
| ultrasocial[.]info | wsmcoff[.]com | xbug.uk[.]to |
| usdagroup[.]com | www.yorkshire-espana-sa[.]com/english/servicios/ | yootypes[.]com |
| https://github[.]com/slotz/sharp-loader/commit/f9de338fb474fd970a7375030642d04179b9245d |
MD5 Malware Hashes
|
01234c0e41fc23bb5e1946f69e6c6221 018d3c34a296edd32e1b39b7276dcf7f 019b68e26df8750e2f9f580b150b7293 01fa52a4f9268948b6c508fef0377299 022bd2040ec0476d8eb80d1d9dc5cc92 039d9ca446e79f2f4310dc7dcc60ec55 043f6cdca33ce68b1ebe0fd79e4685af 04918772a2a6ccd049e42be16bcbee39 04dc4ca70f788b10f496a404c4903ac6 060067666435370e0289d4add7a07c3b 062c759d04106e46e027bbe3b93f33ef 07083008885d2d0b31b137e896c7266c 079068181a728d0d603fe72ebfc7e910 0803f8c5ee4a152f2108e64c1e7f0233 09143a14272a29c56ff32df160dfdb30 0985f757b1b51533b6c5cf9b1467f388 09aab083fb399527f8ff3065f7796443 0b7bb3e23a1be2f26b9adf7004fc6b52 0b9a614a2bbc64c1f32b95988e5a3359 0bbe092a2120b1be699387be16b5f8fb 0bbe769505ca3db6016da400539f77aa 0c3c00c01f4c4bad92b5ba56bd5a9598 0c4fa4dfbe0b07d3425fea3efe60be1c 0ca936a564508a1f9c91cb7943e07c30 0d69eefede612493afd16a7541415b95 0da08b4bfe84eacc9a1d9642046c3b3c 0dd7f10fdf60fc36d81558e0c4930984 0e01ec14c25f9732cc47cf6344107672 10191b6ce29b4e2bddb9e57d99e6c471 105757d1499f3790e69fb1a41e372fd9 207e3c538231eb0fd805c1fc137a7b46 20e52d2d1742f3a3caafbac07a8aa99a 226042db47bdd3677bd16609d18930bd 22823fed979903f8dfe3b5d28537eb47 2366918da9a484735ec3a9808296aab8 239a22c0431620dc937bc36476e5e245 2499390148fc99a0f38148655d8059e7 24dbcd8e8e478a35943a05c7adfc87cc 25a06ab7675e8f9e231368d328d95344 25b79ba11f4a22c962fea4a13856da7f 25fc4713290000cdf01d3e7a0cea7cef 2639805ae43e60c8f04955f0fe18391c 270df5aab66c4088f8c9de29ef1524b9 280e5a3b9671db31cf003935c34f8cf9 28366de82d9c4441f82b84246369ad3b 28628f709a23d5c02c91d6445e961645 28c6f235946fd694d2634c7a2f24c1ba 29c1b4ec0bc4e224af2d82c443cce415 2b8a06d1de446db3bbbd712cdb2a70ce 2bf998d954a88b12dbec1ee96b072cb9 2c408385acdb04f0679167223d70192b 2c9737c6922b6ca67bf12729dcf038f9 2dd9aab33fcdd039d3a860f2c399d1b1 2de0e31fda6bc801c86645b37ee6f955 2e5b59c62e6e2f3b180db9453968d817 2ee7168c0cc6e0df13d0f658626474bb 2eee367a6273ce89381d85babeae1576 2f0a52ce4f445c6e656ecebbcaceade5 2f9995bc34452c789005841bc1d8da09 30701b1d1e28107f8bd8a15fcc723110 31a72e3bf5b1d33368202614ffd075db 3389dae361af79b04c9c8e7057f60cc6 33d18e29b4ecc0f14c20c46448523fc8 46e80d49764a4e0807e67101d4c60720 480f3a13998069821e51cda3934cc978 48101bbdd897877cc62b8704a293a436 48548309036005b16544e5f3788561dc 4a23e0f2c6f926a41b28d574cbc6ac30 4ab825dc6dabf9b261ab1cf959bfc15d 4b18b1b56b468c7c782700dd02d621f4 4b93159610aaadbaaf7f60bea69f21a4 4beb3f7fd46d73f00c16b4cc6453dcdb 4dd6eab0fa77adb41b7bd265cfb32013 4e79e2cade96e41931f3f681cc49b60a 4ef1c48197092e0f3dea0e7a9030edc8 503f8dc2235f96242063b52440c5c229 50527c728506a95b657ec4097f819be6 5064dc5915a46bfa472b043be9d0f52f 513f559bf98e54236c1d4379e489b4bc 51e21a697aec4cc01e57264b8bfaf978 51f31ed78cec9dbe853d2805b219e6e7 52b0f7d77192fe6f08b03f0d4ea48e46 53ceeaf0a67239b3bc4b533731fd84af 56a9ff904b78644dee6ef5b27985f441 56b18ba219c8868a5a7b354d60429368 56d6d3aa1297c62c6b0f84e5339a6c22 57849bb3949b73e2cd309900adafc853 5826e0bd3cd907cb24c1c392b42152ca 5875dfe9a15dd558ef51f269dcc407b5 58e7fd4530a212b05481f004e82f7bc1 5957ef4b609ab309ea2f17f03eb78b2d 5984955cbc41b1172ae3a688ab0246c5 59ce71ffb298a5748c3115bc834335bf 5a8d488819f2072caed31ead6aeaf2fc 5acac898428f6d20f6f085d79d86db9c 5b2cddac9ebd7b0cd3f3d3ac15026ffb 6f6d12da9e5cf8b4a7f26e53cc8e9fbd 700d2582ccb35713b7d1272aa7cfc598 70206725df8da51f26d6362e21d8fadb 70e0052d1a2828c3da5ae3c90bc969ea 7204c1f6f1f4698ac99c6350f4611391 72a7fd2b3d1b829a9f01db312fdd1cd7 7327993142260cee445b846a12cf4e85 7525bc47e2828464ce07fa8a0db6844f 76adaa87f429111646a27c2e60bda61e 76c5dca8dc9b1241b8c9a376abab0cc5 782202b09f72b3cfdc93ffb096ca27de 7836c4a36cc66d4bcbd84abb25857d21 78a0af31a5c7e4aee0f9acde74547207 7969dc3c87a3d5e672b05ff2fe93f710 7a09bf329b0b311cc552405a38747445 7a63ea3f49a96fa0b53a84e59f005019 7b3f959ab775032a3ca317ebb52189c4 7b710f9731ad3d6e265ae67df2758d50 7bd10b5c8de94e195b7da7b64af1f229 7c036ba51a3818ddc8d51cf5a6673da4 7c49efe027e489134ec317d54de42def 7d63f39fb0100a51ba6d8553ef4f34de 7ef6802fc9652d880a1f3eaf944ce4a3 7f7d726ea2ed049ab3980e5e5cb278a3 7fe679c2450c5572a45772a96b15fcb1 83076104ae977d850d1e015704e5730a 8361b151c51a7ad032ad20cecf7316f4 838ceb02081ac27de43da56bec20fc76 84865f8f1a2255561175ab12d090da7c 8520062de440b75f65217ff2509120f7 85862c262c087dd4470bb3b055ef8ea5 85e5b11d79a7570c73d3aa96e5a4e84d 85ecef9ca15e25835a9300a85f9bcd2a 9d3fd2ff608e79101b09db9e361ea845 9d5206f692577d583b93f1c3378a7a90 9e592d0918c029aa49635f03947026e8 9f847b3618b31ef05aebd81332067bd8 9fdd77dc358843af3d7b3f796580c29d a025881cd4ae65fab39081f897dc04fd a0e3561633bdf674b294094ffa06a362 a13715be3d6cbd92ed830a654d086305 a2256f050d865c4335161f823b681c24 a26e600652c33dd054731b4693bf5b01 a2c66a75211e05b20b86dd90ba534792 a2cb95be941b94f5488eab6c2eec7805 a320510258668504ed0140e7b58ee31e a34db95c0fcb78d9c5452f81254224eb a3c0151e0b6289376f383630a8014722 a42a91354d605165d2c1283b6b330539 a4711b8414445d211826b4da3f39de0a a4a70ce528f64521c3cd98dce841f6f3 a5ac89845910862cfef708b20acd0e44 a67fcb5dcfc9e3cfbfd7890e65d4f808 a68bf5fce22e7f1d6f999b7a580ae477 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Contact Information
To report suspicious or criminal activity related to information found in this Joint Cybersecurity Advisory, contact your local FBI field office at www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field, or the FBI’s 24/7 Cyber Watch (CyWatch) at (855) 292-3937 or by email at CyWatch@fbi.gov. When available, please include the following information regarding the incident: date, time, and location of the incident; type of activity; number of people affected; type of equipment used for the activity; the name of the submitting company or organization; and a designated point of contact. To request incident response resources or technical assistance related to these threats, contact CISA at Central@cisa.dhs.gov.
References
Revisions
July 19, 2021: Initial version|Updated July 19, 2021: Added note and STIX file
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